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ghrelin  (Cusabio)
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Cusabio ghrelin
Fig. 1 Effects of Yijung-tang (YJT) and L-thyroxine (T4) in metabolic phenotypes, serum metabolites, and histology in hypothyroid rats. a Schematic overview of the experimental design; b body mass; c food intake; d average core body temperature (Tb) during the experiment (n = 5 per group). e Glucose metabolism was assessed via an oral glucose tolerance test. f–hThe levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), <t>and</t> <t>tri-iodothyronine</t> (T3). i–l Serum <t>ghrelin,</t> glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). m Histology assay for the ileum by hematoxylin and eosin for four experimental groups. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 7–8 per group). One-way ANOVA or ANCOVA (food intake) followed by post hoc LSD test. *P < 0.05, versus control, #P < 0.05 versus PTU. Different letters above the columns indicate significant differences. Con, control group that received only saline; PTU, the rats that received 10 mg/kg/body propylthiouracil (PTU); YJT + PTU, the rats that received 2.1 g/kg YJT and 10 mg/kg/body PTU; T4 + PTU, the rats that were treated with 0.5 mg/kg L-thyroxine and 10 mg/kg PTU.
Ghrelin, supplied by Cusabio, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Fig. 1 Effects of Yijung-tang (YJT) and L-thyroxine (T4) in metabolic phenotypes, serum metabolites, and histology in hypothyroid rats. a Schematic overview of the experimental design; b body mass; c food intake; d average core body temperature (Tb) during the experiment (n = 5 per group). e Glucose metabolism was assessed via an oral glucose tolerance test. f–hThe levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and tri-iodothyronine (T3). i–l Serum ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). m Histology assay for the ileum by hematoxylin and eosin for four experimental groups. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 7–8 per group). One-way ANOVA or ANCOVA (food intake) followed by post hoc LSD test. *P < 0.05, versus control, #P < 0.05 versus PTU. Different letters above the columns indicate significant differences. Con, control group that received only saline; PTU, the rats that received 10 mg/kg/body propylthiouracil (PTU); YJT + PTU, the rats that received 2.1 g/kg YJT and 10 mg/kg/body PTU; T4 + PTU, the rats that were treated with 0.5 mg/kg L-thyroxine and 10 mg/kg PTU.

Journal: NPJ biofilms and microbiomes

Article Title: Yijung-tang improves thermogenesis and reduces inflammation associated with gut microbiota in hypothyroid rats.

doi: 10.1038/s41522-023-00396-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1 Effects of Yijung-tang (YJT) and L-thyroxine (T4) in metabolic phenotypes, serum metabolites, and histology in hypothyroid rats. a Schematic overview of the experimental design; b body mass; c food intake; d average core body temperature (Tb) during the experiment (n = 5 per group). e Glucose metabolism was assessed via an oral glucose tolerance test. f–hThe levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and tri-iodothyronine (T3). i–l Serum ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). m Histology assay for the ileum by hematoxylin and eosin for four experimental groups. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 7–8 per group). One-way ANOVA or ANCOVA (food intake) followed by post hoc LSD test. *P < 0.05, versus control, #P < 0.05 versus PTU. Different letters above the columns indicate significant differences. Con, control group that received only saline; PTU, the rats that received 10 mg/kg/body propylthiouracil (PTU); YJT + PTU, the rats that received 2.1 g/kg YJT and 10 mg/kg/body PTU; T4 + PTU, the rats that were treated with 0.5 mg/kg L-thyroxine and 10 mg/kg PTU.

Article Snippet: Published in partnership with Nanyang Technological University npj Biofilms and Microbiomes (2023) 32 Serum biochemical parameter assays We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (ELISA) to estimate the levels in the serum, including TSH (CSB-E05115r), free Tri-iodothyronine (free-T3, CSB-E05076r), thyroxine (T4, CSBE05082r), GLP-1 (CSB-E08117r), TNF-α (CSB-E11987r), ghrelin (CSB-E09816r), and LPS (CSB-E14247r) following the manufacturer’s recommendations (Cusabio, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Control, Saline

Fig. 4 Cecal microbiota transfer (CMT) modulates the metabolic phenotypes, serum metabolites, and ileum histology in recipients. a Schematic overview of the experimental design. b Average core body temperature (Tb) during the experiment process (n = 4 per group). c Blood glucose levels. d–h The serum thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by ELISA. i Histology assay for the ileum by hematoxylin and eosin staining for four experimental groups. The scale bar is 500 µm. The data are presented as means ± SEM. One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc LSD test. *P < 0.05 vs vehicle. Different letters above the columns indicate significant differences. Vehicle, the control rats which were orally gavaged with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); CMTPTU, the rats that were colonized by cecal microbiota from PTU-treated donors; CMTYJT, the rats that were colonized by cecal microbiota from YJT + PTU-treated donors; CMTT4, the rats that were colonized by cecal microbiota from L-thyroxine+PTU -treated donors; CMTCon, the rats that were colonized with cecal microbiota from control donors.

Journal: NPJ biofilms and microbiomes

Article Title: Yijung-tang improves thermogenesis and reduces inflammation associated with gut microbiota in hypothyroid rats.

doi: 10.1038/s41522-023-00396-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4 Cecal microbiota transfer (CMT) modulates the metabolic phenotypes, serum metabolites, and ileum histology in recipients. a Schematic overview of the experimental design. b Average core body temperature (Tb) during the experiment process (n = 4 per group). c Blood glucose levels. d–h The serum thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by ELISA. i Histology assay for the ileum by hematoxylin and eosin staining for four experimental groups. The scale bar is 500 µm. The data are presented as means ± SEM. One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc LSD test. *P < 0.05 vs vehicle. Different letters above the columns indicate significant differences. Vehicle, the control rats which were orally gavaged with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); CMTPTU, the rats that were colonized by cecal microbiota from PTU-treated donors; CMTYJT, the rats that were colonized by cecal microbiota from YJT + PTU-treated donors; CMTT4, the rats that were colonized by cecal microbiota from L-thyroxine+PTU -treated donors; CMTCon, the rats that were colonized with cecal microbiota from control donors.

Article Snippet: Published in partnership with Nanyang Technological University npj Biofilms and Microbiomes (2023) 32 Serum biochemical parameter assays We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (ELISA) to estimate the levels in the serum, including TSH (CSB-E05115r), free Tri-iodothyronine (free-T3, CSB-E05076r), thyroxine (T4, CSBE05082r), GLP-1 (CSB-E08117r), TNF-α (CSB-E11987r), ghrelin (CSB-E09816r), and LPS (CSB-E14247r) following the manufacturer’s recommendations (Cusabio, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining, Control, Saline

Fig. 7 The paradigm summarizing the thermogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of YJT via the gut microbiota and related multiple signaling pathways. Propylthiouracil (PTU)-treated hypothyroid rats exhibit hypothermia, hypophagia, and hyperinflammation, which have been associated with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, particularly with extremely enriched Prevotellaceae. As a prebiotic, Yijung-tang (YJT) modulates the gut microbiota and metabolite-related receptors (e.g., FFAR3 and TGR5/FXR) to stimulate gene expression of intestinal tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) for norepinephrine synthesis and iodothyronine deiodinases 2 (Dio2) for thyroid hormone metabolism, and consequently activates the thermogenic pathway in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and attenuates hypothyroidism-related systemic inflammation. In contrast, L-thyroxine (T4) treatment in hypothyroid rats stimulates ghrelin secretion and activates intestinal LPS–TLR4 and peptidoglycan–Pglyrp2 signaling pathways, and leads to hyperthermia, hyperphagia, and hyperinflammation.

Journal: NPJ biofilms and microbiomes

Article Title: Yijung-tang improves thermogenesis and reduces inflammation associated with gut microbiota in hypothyroid rats.

doi: 10.1038/s41522-023-00396-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 7 The paradigm summarizing the thermogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of YJT via the gut microbiota and related multiple signaling pathways. Propylthiouracil (PTU)-treated hypothyroid rats exhibit hypothermia, hypophagia, and hyperinflammation, which have been associated with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, particularly with extremely enriched Prevotellaceae. As a prebiotic, Yijung-tang (YJT) modulates the gut microbiota and metabolite-related receptors (e.g., FFAR3 and TGR5/FXR) to stimulate gene expression of intestinal tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) for norepinephrine synthesis and iodothyronine deiodinases 2 (Dio2) for thyroid hormone metabolism, and consequently activates the thermogenic pathway in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and attenuates hypothyroidism-related systemic inflammation. In contrast, L-thyroxine (T4) treatment in hypothyroid rats stimulates ghrelin secretion and activates intestinal LPS–TLR4 and peptidoglycan–Pglyrp2 signaling pathways, and leads to hyperthermia, hyperphagia, and hyperinflammation.

Article Snippet: Published in partnership with Nanyang Technological University npj Biofilms and Microbiomes (2023) 32 Serum biochemical parameter assays We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (ELISA) to estimate the levels in the serum, including TSH (CSB-E05115r), free Tri-iodothyronine (free-T3, CSB-E05076r), thyroxine (T4, CSBE05082r), GLP-1 (CSB-E08117r), TNF-α (CSB-E11987r), ghrelin (CSB-E09816r), and LPS (CSB-E14247r) following the manufacturer’s recommendations (Cusabio, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Protein-Protein interactions, Gene Expression